minutephysics - 2017-06-14
Thanks to the Heising-Simons Foundation for supporting this video: http://www.heisingsimons.org CRAZY Double Pendulum Footnote: https://youtu.be/gbJYK7q5ejY Support MinutePhysics on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics Link to Patreon Supporters: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters/ This video is about the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations, which is where neutrinos can change flavors (ie, change between electron, muon, or tau neutrinos) because those interaction states are in non-trivial superpositions of the free traveling/mass eigenstates (𝜈1, 𝜈2 and 𝜈3). MinutePhysics is on twitter - @minutephysics And facebook - http://facebook.com/minutephysics And Google+ (does anyone use this any more?) - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6 REFERENCES History of Neutrino Oscillations: https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0610064.pdf Solar Neutrino Problem: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_neutrino_problem Neutrino Oscillation on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation#Propagation_and_interference Current best fit data for the mixing of neutrinos: http://www.nu-fit.org/?q=node/139 Neutrino Mixing Matrix: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata_matrix Neutrino Oscillation https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/neutrinos/neutrino-types-and-neutrino-oscillations/ Neutrino Masses paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.3518.pdf Neutral Particle Oscillation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_particle_oscillation Technical Intro to Neutrino Mass Mixing: http://pdg.lbl.gov/2015/reviews/rpp2015-rev-neutrino-mixing.pdf PROSPECT project: http://prospect.yale.edu/science Neutrino/nucleon deep inelastic scattering: https://www.nevis.columbia.edu/ccfr/index.html Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! Created by Henry Reich
A neutrino walks into a bar.
...no reaction.
He asks the barman for a drink.
...the barman says, "for you, no charge."
fuck you guys hahah
Another variant I've heard: A quadrillion neutrinos walk into a bar. One says 'ouch'.
The neutrino insists to pay the bartender,
the bartender said : "No change. "
A neutrino walks into a bar.
The bartender says "who are you and where did the guy go who just walked in?"
They're spies,from Muon Korea. They're hired by Kim Quark-Un.
Doesn't understand a word he's going on about...
But watches whole video anyway.
"brag about it"
you're gonna have to explain that.
can we just let go of this hate and just enjoy science ???
ah but it's not that hard, he is just starting that for a given neutrino that's being detected at an instance in time, we can interpret it as being a linear super position of 3 fundamental neutrino states, each with a different mass, which can be represented in a complex plane as a rotating phasor with some angular frequency omega... think of it as a vector in 2D space, with the scalar component of each basis oscillating in time I guess
imagine you dressed as a clown however the light decides to change colours on the way to the observer so it looks like you dressed as a cow
I only understood electrons 😂, I wonder if I learn this in school
"Their identities can change over time."
haha, same
your footnote appeared before this video. i got so confused :(
well, maybe he turned into cgp gray
3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419 whoa ure actually not exactly pi, who are u
Leo Chang He's a rational and algebraic impostor...
Only because too many punctuation marks
Exactly Pi okay now you're being irrational
3:00 Neutrinos have different identities depending on whether they're interacting with other particles.
Relatable
I remember learning about it this in class, I think you gave a wonderful description of it.
where do u study ?
what class???
Muhammad, obviously art class
Important note about this: So the flavor eigenstates are super positions of the mass eigenstates, but the reverse is also true! Mass eigenstates are superpositons of flavor eigenstates. So while neutrinos propagate as mass states, once they interact they collapse into a single flavor eigenstate. Just like happens with energy or cats in boxes.
I sort of get (and really like) what you are saying - can you elaborate more? What is the physical realisation of flavor?
An example of observing flavor is an incoming neutrino interacts with a neutron and converts the neutrino to an electron and the neutron becomes a proton. In this reaction we can tell that the incoming neutrino was an electron neutrino when it interacted because "electron number" is a conserved quantity in interactions where electrons and electron neutrinos both have values of 1, their anti particles have values of -1 and all other particles have a value of 0. (the same is true for muon number and tau number with their respective particles).
This doesn't mean that the particle had to start out as an electron neutrino or was even pure electron neutrino the instant before it interacted. It was in some propagating mass state that had some component that was electron neutrino and when observed through interaction it happened to collapse into an electron neutrino.
akbardumbar Does that clarify your question at all?
Sure, and thanks for taking the time to reply :). I get the idea of quantum fields that exist in some space that code attributes of particles - an explanation and naming of the elements of the equations that are the standard model or variations thereof. As an old timer, I am searching for an explanation that appeals to classical notions - like the double pendulum analogy of state transitions of neutrinos does. So when we talk about flavor, is there a classical analogue?
@ITsManaged noooooooooooooooooooo
12 seconds=120 views...
0:18
Minute physics has been secretly an electron the whole time!
Theoretical neutrino mass value of 1.616 * 10^(-37) kg or 9.065 * 10^(-2) eV, which is consistent with the earlier made boundary predictions. Therefore, we are waiting for experimental confirmation :).
Yes, the neutrino has a mass, and now we will try to predict it quite accurately.
For this we need to remember a little chemistry. For further explanation, we quote.
“It is more interesting to consider what happens to an electron in a region with linear dimensions smaller than the Compton wavelength of an electron. According to Heisenberg uncertainty in this area, we have a quantum mechanical uncertainty in the momentum of at least m*c and a quantum mechanical uncertainty in the energy of at least me*c^2 :
Δp ≥ mе*c and ΔE ≥ me*c^2
which is sufficient for the production of virtual electron-positron pairs. Therefore, in such a region the electron can no longer be regarded as a "point object", since it (an electron) spends part of its time in the state "electron + pair (positron + electron)". As a result of the
above, an electron at distances smaller than the Compton length is a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom and its interaction should be described within the framework of quantum field theory. Most importantly, the transition to the intermediate state "electron + pair (positron + electron)" carried per time ~ λc.е./c
Δt = λc.е./c = 2.4263*10^(-12)/(3*10^8) = 8.1*10^(-20) s
Now we will try to use all the above-mentioned to describe the chemical bond using Einstein's theory of relativity and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
To do this, let's make one assumption: suppose that the wavelength of an electron on a Bohr orbit (the hydrogen atom) is the same Compton wavelength of an electron, but in another frame of reference, and as a result there is a 137-times greater Compton wavelength (due to the effects of relativity theory):
λc.е. = h/(me*c) = 2.4263*10^(-12) m
λb. = h/(me*v) = 2*π*R = 3.324 Å
λb./λc.е. = 137
where R = 0.529 Å, the Bohr radius.
Since the De Broglie wavelength in a hydrogen atom (according to Bohr) is 137 times larger than the Compton wavelength of an electron, it is quite logical to assume that the energy interactions will be 137 times weaker (the longer the photon wavelength, the lower the frequency, and hence the energy). We note that 1/137.036 is a fine structure constant, the fundamental physical constant characterizing the force of electromagnetic interaction was introduced into science in 1916 year by the German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld as a measure of relativistic corrections in describing atomic spectra within the framework of the model of the N. Bohr atom (therefore it is also called the constant of Sommerfeld) [78, 79].” See more pp. 99 - 103 http://vixra.org/pdf/1710.0326v4.pdf (Review. Benzene on the Basis of the Three-Electron Bond. (The Pauli Exclusion Principle, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Chemical Bond)).
And now let us recall such a wonderful discovery as relic radiation. But suppose that the CMB is simply the spectrum of our Universe, and not the “echo” of the Big Bang. The fact that the CMB is the spectrum of our Universe strictly follows from the Interfering Model of the Universe, that is, the model in which each elementary particle fills the entire Universe in the literal sense. See pp. 51 - 52 http://vixra.org/pdf/1710.0326v4.pdf and Volodymyr Bezverkhniy's answer to What is quantum entanglement? ( https://qr.ae/TWpELi )
Naturally, if we present the Universe as an interferential picture of all elementary particles, then such a Universe will have a certain spectrum. Moreover, in such a spectrum, the maximum will be determined by elementary particles, of which there will be more. It is clear that in our Universe most of all is neutrinos, let us recall the well-known fact that in a few seconds 10^14 neutrinos fly through our body without obstacles.
The maximum of the CMB is 1.8725 * 10^(-3) meters. (“The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 2.72548±0.00057 K.[4] The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.23 GHz, in the microwave range of frequencies, corresponding to a photon energy of about 6.626 × 10−4 eV”, see Wikipedia Cosmic microwave background - Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background) ).
E = 6.626 × 10−4 eV. from this follows λmax = 1.8725 * 10^(-3) m.
E = mc^2, λ = h/(mc), h = 6,626 * 10^(−34) J*s
Therefore, if we again assume that this is the Compton wavelength of the neutrino (since the maximum), but only 137 times more due to the effects of the theory of relativity, as in the case of the de Broglie wave in the N. Bohr model, see above. The determination of the neutrino mass is not difficult:
λmax = λc.n. * 137 = (h*137)/(m*c)= 1.8725 * 10^(-3) m
m(n) = (h * 137)/(λmax * c) = (h * 137)/(1.8725 * 10^(-3) * 3 * 10^8) = 1.616 * 10^(-37) kg.
m(n) = 1.616 * 10^(-37) kg, or 9.065 * 10^(-2) eV
where λc.n. - Compton wavelength neutrino,
λmax - maximum cosmic microwave background wavelength,
m(n) - neutrino mass, c - the speed of light.
Thus, we obtained a theoretical neutrino mass value of 1.616 * 10^(-37) kg or 9.065 * 10^(-2) eV, which is consistent with the earlier made boundary predictions. But, our prediction is accurate. Therefore, we are waiting for experimental confirmation :).
P.S. The question of why the Compton wave in both the electron and the neutrino in the “world of chemical bonds” is 137 times larger than its normal value needs further research. But, now we can definitely say that this is due to the passage of time in various reference systems. More precisely, it can be said that this is due to the lack of time at the quantum level (in the Compton wavelength region), and with a certain dependence of the formation of the “arrow of time” in the “world of chemical bonds” and in our world. In more detail about how the arrow of time is formed you can read here pp. 24 - 28 http://vixra.org/pdf/1904.0124v1.pdf (Quantum Theory of the Development of Science, Economic and Society).
https://qr.ae/TWpjKW
Bezverkhniy Volodymyr (viXra): http://vixra.org/author/bezverkhniy_volodymyr_dmytrovych
Volodymyr Bezverkhniy (SSRN): https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm…
Volodymyr Bezverkhniy (Quora): https://www.quora.com/profile/Volodymyr-Bezverkhniy
Bezverkhniy Volodymyr (archive): https://archive.org/details/@threeelectronbond
Aye kudos on commenting your data and citations
I always appreciate your videos :) Really helps with physics knowledge xD
Wow I love this channel!
man you make one of the best science videos ever keep it going!
Oh, this is neat! Thank you for the great explanation!
1:24 Cool index of power :D
Thank you, Bruno Pontecorvo.
I love watching his videos because while watching i fell smart, then I forget everything
You know, a good quote I once heard comes to mind. "If you think you understand quantum physics, you don't understand quantum physics." Fuck subatomic particles man.
Neutrinos are too weird. The more I learn, the more I'm convinced that modern physics is magic and the people who work on it are wizards.
i understand neutrino oscillations fairly well, but I've never seen such a good explanation of that captures so well subject.
awesome work, keep it coming ^^
EMT EMT EMT
I need to rewatch this. Probably a few times. Great video!
Hey Henry! Can you make a video on quantum entanglement please? :)
Great video. Keep uploading the videos like that.
2:20 Pro-tip, pointing a telescope at the sun and looking through it is generally a bad idea.
Very cool! Thanks for the explanation!
Early ASF BOY!!!
Great video again. I actually knew most of this about neutrinos "shape shifting" like the lizard people. But my question is why/how does this happen?
This video is both hilarious and tragic, for some reason.
um uh, I think my brain jus exploded
Also (going off of the beginning of the video) an A press is an A press, you can't just say it's only a half...
...wait a minute.
Well, TJ """Henry""" Yoshi, be glad that at least one person recognized your reference :)
wait the pitch (frequency) doesnt change with respect to distance, I think u used a wrong example
shaun97kheng in his analogy I think the sound's pitch corresponds to the neutrinos' mass. So the neutrino's behavior that he's describing would be as if a soundwave oscillated between different frequencies as it traveled
My baseball turned into a tree while i was throwing it :(
Holy guacamole! I accidentally watched this while high :/
I love watching these vids and pretending to understand half of what he's talking about...
hey that's pretty good 😍
I now know two levels of information. High school/Middle school sciences, and quantum mechanics. And nothing in between.
Can anyone do a good video on how we know any of this?
So a video on the process of the research.
Dang. I thought I had this.
The awesome thing About this channel is that when they he uploads a minute long video he can call it a Minute (60s) physics video and, when he uploads a 60seconds+ video he can it a Minute (detailed) physics video
Dude you must have been reading my mind like for real i was thinking about this kind of stuff for like a week.
3minutephysics
Nice xD
2nd?
you lost me at 1:19 lol
first .. i love ur videos
makes sense
Veritasium - 2017-06-14
This is the best explanation of neutrino oscillation I've ever seen! ... and I worked at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
Dylan Perry - 2017-07-05
Did you just assume the neutrino's gender?
William Eichert - 2017-07-12
This video literally made so much sense. I never really understood neutrinos before but this gave a brief but broad insight into their properties! Thanks!
jen f - 2018-10-07
Why don't you too make a video if you know a little more about them?
Risotto Nero - 2019-03-09
Your logo is a neutrino in electron form AHHHHH
grace ncube - 2019-12-15
https://youtu.be/Uj2Z4Wb8k8o does this make sense