2veritasium - 2018-07-14
How turbulent convection currents in Earth's outer core make its magnetic field This video is a prequel to one that will appear here: http://ve42.co/Spin Huge thank you to Prof. Jon Aurnou who spent a lot of time explaining how planetary magnetic fields are created. He changed a lot of my preconceptions. His youtube channel is here: https://www.youtube.com/user/spinlabucla His research page is here: http://ve42.co/SpinLab OK, so what were my preconceptions? 1. That the Earth's magnetic field is a passive thing - it shouldn't need a continuous input of energy to maintain itself (that seemed reasonable to me because the magnetic field has been around for a long time and it seems mostly stable). But as it turns out, the Earth is a giant electromagnet, and so of course those currents dissipate their energy as they encounter resistance in the liquid metal through which they flow. So the energy to continuously create these currents comes from the kinetic energy of the liquid metal flows in the Earth's outer core. 2. If it's convection, I'm thinking hot things rising, cooler things falling. But apparently the main effect driving convection is the compositional differences at the boundary with the Earth's inner core. This is because of the differential freezing at the boundary. Things like iron freeze into the inner core, while elements like sulfur do not. Hence the pockets of lighter material which then rise outwards. 3. I didn't get why the fluid motion was necessary for the generation of the magnetic field. I mean if it's a conducting liquid, it can conduct currents whether it moves or not. But the key is that the liquid metal can 'trap' magnetic fields. I imagine this like how iron channels magnetic fields. Then once these fields are channeled, they can be pulled and stretched, making more magnetic field. 4. Fluids operate very differently in rotating frames of reference. This is something I didn't intuitively grasp. But, as fluids move from the inner core outwards, those particles are moving much more slowly in the direction of rotation than the matter that has been there for a long time, which means the convection currents get deflected and form helices. Listening to Prof. Arnou's explanation made possible my explanation in the other video (it's really just a summary of what he says here). So thanks Prof. Arnou!
But what DOES give the Earth the initial magnetic field? I get that for illustrative purposes we can simply impose it, but I'd like to know what the actual answer is.
God
@Rob Mckennie and what may those potential sources be ?
@Matthew Kevin Kumar well electromagnetism is one of the very fundamental interactions in our universe, so you could start with anything that emits light?
I just don't get see a current an electronic current generates a magnetic field but how does the convention currents generate magnetic fields,considering it has way different properties compared to a convection current it has flowing electrons not metal .I just don't seem to get the point that how can any current generate a magnetic field a property of only electronic current
Nope! Prof. Try the flat earth model....it makes more sense 2 the "common" mind.
Explain like im five
@Professor Oak what a professor he's only ever seen a magnet that was round. Shot down dismiss your name.
@freemind could you put any more b***** lies than that long length of crap. You have no idea, do you? That would be the best truth you told when you say that you have no idea where to begin with the truth.
@Just another Steve - Why the animosity? My comment was necessarily long as the concept is unfamiliar to many, and contradictory to accepted dogma. It is, however, literally the truth of magnetic field generation as pertaining to celestial bodies. It is the only model that reliably predicts the magnetic fields of the planets.
If you appreciate Science, this should be exciting exposure of a new paradigm to further our understanding. It comes interwoven with empirical evidences for other truths that will be nothing short of revolutionary for the fields of the Natural Sciences.
You are right to question everything... but do so with an open mind. The enemy of progress is dogma.. the notion that We already know, therefore we need not consider anything else. This is especially critical in times like ours where Theory & Consensus have replaced Observation & Experiment.
Amen
Nope prof! Try the flat earth model....it makes more sense 2 the "common" mind.
0:15 lets take a moment and appreciate that circle
"this core is about the size of mars"
mind blown
Justin Clonts To start off with, did you know that teenagers who play video games excel at math while those into social media receive below average scores? You’re probably thinking that’s absurd, however yes, it is possible that playing violent or non-violent video games can impact your child’s brain in a positive way by enhancing their skills for different subjects. For example, action-oriented sequences can enhance motor-skills. According to researchers at New York University in Shanghai, a first-person shooter game has led to speedier reactions during road tests on driving simulation software. After further research, war games enhance social skills. It leads participants to treat each other, whether teammates or opponents with surprisingly high degrees of decency. Also, It may come to a surprise to many that a recent study found that teens who were regular gamers actually have amazing scores/results in math, reading and science on their exams. This study that was published in the International Journal of Communication looked at the test scores of twelve thousand fifteen year olds along with their online activities. The Program of International Student Assessment evaluated these 2012 results. Their test measures the student’s knowledge and application of skills in the three subject areas mentioned, math reading and science. A quote from Alberto Posso, professor at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology’s School of Economics, Finance and Marketing states: “This may be because many online games require players to solve puzzles that, in turn, require some understanding of the three subjects.”
Another thing I’d like to address is why play video gamers are aware of the fact that they are only playing a game and are doing things that are fictional, they are just using it as a way to escape reality and enter their own virtual fantasy. I’ve just stated and established that gamers receive excellent scores for Science, English and Math, so it would make sense that these teenagers would be able to tell the difference between a fictional world and reality. Besides science portrayed in video are highly exaggerated, the Super Mario franchise is a good example of this. Teenagers often use the opportunity to play violent video games as a way to relieve stress or anger. If someone is feeling down or is tackling any sort of negative emotions, a way for them to make themselves feel better is to play violent video games. Another study from 2003, by John Colwell at University of Westminster, found that violent gaming was associated with reduced aggression among Japanese youth. For example, Battlefield 1 can be used to support my evidence with the following quote by Stephanie Lind, Associate Professor, Queen’s University, Ontario: “Battlefield 1 is often called an immersive game by its players, but an understanding of immersion that relies on players believing that the game is reality would imply that players identify as first World War-era soldiers”. The quote explains that players always know what they’re playing. Therefore, they are free to move among the different roles the game provides. Players embrace the flexibility of that feature and come in and out of moments of immersion, breaking the player and character. In other words, the players are completely aware that they’re playing a game and playing within a fictional world. This fiction can provide experiences and viewpoints not possible in real life
Broken Wave To start off with, did you know that teenagers who play video games excel at math while those into social media receive below average scores? You’re probably thinking that’s absurd, however yes, it is possible that playing violent or non-violent video games can impact your child’s brain in a positive way by enhancing their skills for different subjects. For example, action-oriented sequences can enhance motor-skills. According to researchers at New York University in Shanghai, a first-person shooter game has led to speedier reactions during road tests on driving simulation software. After further research, war games enhance social skills. It leads participants to treat each other, whether teammates or opponents with surprisingly high degrees of decency. Also, It may come to a surprise to many that a recent study found that teens who were regular gamers actually have amazing scores/results in math, reading and science on their exams. This study that was published in the International Journal of Communication looked at the test scores of twelve thousand fifteen year olds along with their online activities. The Program of International Student Assessment evaluated these 2012 results. Their test measures the student’s knowledge and application of skills in the three subject areas mentioned, math reading and science. A quote from Alberto Posso, professor at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology’s School of Economics, Finance and Marketing states: “This may be because many online games require players to solve puzzles that, in turn, require some understanding of the three subjects.”
Another thing I’d like to address is why play video gamers are aware of the fact that they are only playing a game and are doing things that are fictional, they are just using it as a way to escape reality and enter their own virtual fantasy. I’ve just stated and established that gamers receive excellent scores for Science, English and Math, so it would make sense that these teenagers would be able to tell the difference between a fictional world and reality. Besides science portrayed in video are highly exaggerated, the Super Mario franchise is a good example of this. Teenagers often use the opportunity to play violent video games as a way to relieve stress or anger. If someone is feeling down or is tackling any sort of negative emotions, a way for them to make themselves feel better is to play violent video games. Another study from 2003, by John Colwell at University of Westminster, found that violent gaming was associated with reduced aggression among Japanese youth. For example, Battlefield 1 can be used to support my evidence with the following quote by Stephanie Lind, Associate Professor, Queen’s University, Ontario: “Battlefield 1 is often called an immersive game by its players, but an understanding of immersion that relies on players believing that the game is reality would imply that players identify as first World War-era soldiers”. The quote explains that players always know what they’re playing. Therefore, they are free to move among the different roles the game provides. Players embrace the flexibility of that feature and come in and out of moments of immersion, breaking the player and character. In other words, the players are completely aware that they’re playing a game and playing within a fictional world. This fiction can provide experiences and viewpoints not possible in real life
Earth is a pretty big planet compared to Mars and the rest of inner planets, more than we give it credit for. In fact, if you merged all the inner planets aside from Earth, that is Venus+Mars+Mercury, into a single planet and on top of that add the Moon as well, you'd STILL end up with a planet that's only 98% of Earth.
@Squirt 5 most British teens are couchpotatoes filling their heads with endlessle repetitive soap operas with divorces, affairs, illegitimate children, jailings, arguments...and that's how they live.
Mars:I'm big
Earth: I'm about to end this man,s hole career.
“He nailed it. It’s just complex.”
LOVE OF PLANTS 🌻 fml
Sounds like a bunch of assuming and should bees I don't know we know nothing.
@Glenn Canfield You are absolutely correct. There was nothing of modern science in this report.
Mgtow Values Seismology has shown a lot of this information.
@Cary B Do not blandly tell me that, please. I did the research on seismology and there is nothing in seismology that explains the cause of earth's magnetic sphere.
It's an obvious statement, but I have never heard it in my life: "This core is about the size of Mars. It's big. It's the size of other planets."
Cool.
@therealnightwriter Lol, good joke. You made a mistake, though. For gravity at the surface to be smaller in the paste, the Earth needs to shrink over time, not grow. Or you need to add mass to its hollow core over time.
@Rene Dekker can you show me in life where mass is attracted to another Mass.
I'm going to answer this really fast for you..... No!
Here's an idea start at the beginning trying not to believe the lies that you've been told use your brain for yourself and you will see.
@Just another Steve I am sorry, I don't follow your humor. What is mass attracted to if not other mass?
Rene Dekker He’s a flat earther.
I am mr. panda bear Of course mass attracts mass . It’s proven daily. Our mineral and oil industries use it all the time.
8:40 Finally something Einstein wasn't right about. How refreshing!
Magnets loose their magnetism when heated so we don't know anything really
I will just give another answer to get the 11 comments. You already have 11 likes 11 11
@vDarkness Falls the ability to speak does not make you intelligent, you're gonna say the earth is flat next aren't you?
@LOL surprise its a model just like the rule of thumb three components being applied in electronics current flow... the theory also works in reverse
@vDarkness Falls finally someone who's done their research! The electric universe theory makes a whole lot more sense than what they tell us
@LOL surprise Einstein's theory of relativity is just that. A theory. To date they have still not found any evidence that can prove his theory. I suggest you look up the electric universe.
0:14
Casually hand draws a perfect circle, no big deal.
Electric universe makes more sense.
@Marc Schofield It has literally nothing to do with religion.
@Broken Wave Creationists trying to skew the science to fit their " the earth is 6000 years old" theories.
@Swiit Lime thanks
Scorp ii star You’re weird.
Marc Schofield why are there so many uneducated 💩heads on this site? Never mind.
The argument is circular as it assumes the field it then proves.
Dan Wrong. The field exists. It’s measured constantly.
@Cary B that's not the argument. Whether it exists is not the debate. How it's created is the debate. And how it's explained is circular reasoning.
A question here: how can they be so sure (well, they/he seems to be) that the core elements are what he/they described?
Miss this channel so much!
Oooo time to watch a video at 2 am :D
Edit: was actually 1:30 am.
3:17 am 😀
3:16am here
12:36 am
WAS 1:30 haha
4:45 . yeet
2 videos in one day
Is it Christmas yet?!
but...
6:26 "I know! I...think the other way."
facepalm
This guy needs a straight jacket before someone snaps that finger off.
Nobody knows how Earth generates its magnetic field..... Nobody lol
You're not suggesting the earth is flat...?
"almost purely pure iron"
8:17 "oh he has very narrow nostrils"
It always amazes me when scientists speak so authoritatively about something that's incredible laden with variables.
0:17 Wow, "I'm surprised !"....It's not to scale!,...that has been the greatest contribution of this video to human logic
"It's messy. You're wrong."
That's such an Einstein thing to say lol
"he nailed it" you mean you accepted it as a given to add to the illusion that we live on a spinning ball! No one has ever measured, seen or even know what is down there, we have only gone 8 miles down. ffs.
But did he answer your question about where the initial field comes from?!
> movax20h1 day ago (edited) "Because the question is actually stupid, "
The question is not stupid. This is a layman science video. STFU and GTFO with your elitist "is stupid" bullshit. There is no such thing as a stupid question. And lots of people were asking themselves that. You're stupid.
Nice explanation. Would it have been so hard for Mr. Dorky Professor to stop and just say that? See?
Thanks for illustrating how simple a concept it is to explain it properly.
+Calin Culianu You are being stupid for blaming the "dorky professor" here for Derek's editing choices. As I pointed out, the answer is in the video on the main channel.
Wasn't the rotating movement of the earth alongside with its inner core elements that generated the initial field?
Or it may started out by the effectiveness of the suns magnetic field some 5 billion years ago?
8:24 Walter M. Elsasser was an amazing man, and very much ahead of his time.
how quickly is the core freezing?
@Karanbir Singh we have at least several million years to get to the worm hole by saturn and then I can go live on a planet with Ann Hathaway.
The core has always been frozen. It is ice. Water ICE is literally the only known material that remains stable at the pressures thought to exist at the core. There are ZERO phases of iron that allow for its stable existence at core pressures.
What about the super-high temperatures at the core? Complete PSEUDOTHEORY.
@ҳҲ̸Ҳ̸ҳ - The magnetic field is not generated in the core. It is generated in the crust. Oh, yeah... the gas giants... aren't. Jupiter has a solid surface which is primarily quartz-based. Shoemaker-Levy-9 impacts illustrated this when the fragments left large, defined scars and heat signatures that persisted for weeks. This could not happen if Jupiter were comprised simply of gasses.
freemind Wow, you are stupid. A water core.🤪🤪🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
@freemind 'no imperial evidence ' ... ha , you just didnt look...
"Here's some solid inner-core..." hehehe sry, sounds dirty
3:48 probably happy about his perfect circle
this is how a a drunk man moves under the influence of the magnetic field. you got the idea?
Amazing the way he did a perfect circle,
"I know, I think the other way".
No matter what, my teachers never liked an explanation of that sort...
6:58, shouldn't the new magnetic field be the other way around according to the right-hand rule?
The magnetic field cause the fluid to stretch and create the Earths magnetic field. How did the first magnetic field come??
wikipedia said nobody really knows but they guess it's the sun's magnetic field; it was way stronger billions of years ago
One possibility is that the liquid outer core in friction with solid inner core produced electric charges that in movement through the metal induced little initial magnetic fields.
He said "magnetic field " more than I would blink..
“Or we would quickly perish” I love this video
SmarterEveryDay did a video recently on opposing rings and the helical offshoots they create when they hit each other, in my mind this seems like a similar effect
So the magnetic field exists because the Earth is cooling. The energy from the magnetic field comes from the Earth's initial temperature...
So how fast is the material in the liquid outer core actually moving?
I'm not talking about the speed of rotation which is rather uninteresting. I meant the relative motion of some parts of the liquid relative to other parts. Like e.g . the "speed" of the Golf Stream is measured relative to the surface, not relative to the universe, the latter being quite a meaningless number.
There are features in the outer core (liquid part), that do reasamble gold stream, and do form jets, but the relative speeds to the mantle and crust are very small. From my quick calculations it is about 1 meter per hour. Slow.
Everyone here is giving a vague answer just to push the crap nobody else wants to listen to.
fuck insincere people, fuck selfish people, fuck them and fuck what theyve done to the world
Wei Zhao Triggered much. Someone stoled your puppy. Your haircut is shit. Oh, by the way, we are living in the best of times in human history.
therealnightwriter This video never said this.
This man almost free-hand drew a circle. I was already impressed.
Thanks for this video, I love the last sentence a lot: it’s just complex!
@7:01, Love his "organized correctly" thumbs up hand positions.
get on your knees
and give thanks
for earths magnetic field
The BEST talk I had in many years about this topic!
The BEST references list I came across too!!!
More turds dropped in this video than my dog drops in my yard.
I didn't get how he moved from the cooling Earth to the magnetic field at 04:14
Thank you for the material. Short follow up question - how would process of geomagnetic reversal be explained in this model?
Bookmark Paused @ 4:13
Trying to figure out: How does our magnetic field affect cosmic inflation? This was step one. Thank you for the 'Cole's Notes' version (I'm Canadian).
5:56 "Im being really friendly" what does that suppose to mean?
It means he's trying to explain it in lay man's term. Because in Science answering questions almost always ends up with alot of questions. (And happened exactly what I just said)
Wow that is Amazing! And I thought "Dragging the field" was just a baseball term!
MiniWire - 2018-07-14
Damn, that circle is nicely drawn.
Daniel Yu - 2019-04-23
You mean it zukz
Martin Hunt - 2019-05-23
333 free masons likes lol
E. L. - 2019-08-10
MiniWire That WAS amazing. My jaw dropped, but my mouth didn't form a perfect circle.
DEEP 007 - 2020-01-20
Yah its looks like nipple 😅
HELLo FriEND - 2020-02-09
I was about to say
:casual semi perfect circle is casual