ChemicalForce - 2021-06-08
If I take bromine vapors to gallium drop, it starts to slip away from them!😱 🎥⌚️ Shooting slow-mo video requires a lot of financial costs💵, I would be glad to have your support on Patreon ❤️ 💛 💚 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/ChemicalForce ____________________________ PayPal: reactionsoup@gmail.com Bitcoin BTC: 1828WxhTtqohRiQBHgKtdqrmxsGncsjva2 ____________________________ 🔔 Subscribe, bro ^__^
Insane, never seen before, unspeakably nice shots and quality. U just wont stop surprising me :) Keep these cool chem vids coming
Me too :) I wish gallium wasn’t expensive
0:43 if icarly see this san will say whatsup with thoooooose
I think this is due to electrical charge. When the bromine reacts with the Gallium at first it does not form GaBr₃ as one might think. First it takes up electrons and forms Br¯, but the Ga⁺ is still in the metal, the positive charge is delocalized. Now the Ga⁺ has do leave the metal. I think this would mainly be happening at the Gallium-Water-interface on the bottom of the drop creating a charge differential between the top and the bottom. The water then moves with the Ga⁺ to equalize the potential and somehow this moves the drop. The heat this reaction creates keeps it liquid...
Another thing I forgot is that a charged liquid pulls itself apart, this explains the dancing and the elongation at least, but that is only a part of the total movement.
Good explanation 👍
The surface skin is moving away from the highest concentration of bromine in the water, dragging water with it and pushing the droplet towards the highest concentration of bromine
It looks like GaBr3 crystals and films are forming quickly, but water can dissolve all of the bromine but not all of the gallium, which is why this effect needs water to happen
@Atomix true, if this makes a difference in how well the water wets the drop of gallium. If gallium bromide is easier to wet than bare gallium, that's going to get a pile up of water on that side of the drop, if exothermic enough also with evolution of gas bubbles. And so the drop will scoot around on the bottom of the dish.
First thing I thought of was the Hg heart.....you know, I never tried that with different metals on the electromotive series - I suppose that like the blue bottle experiment or the BZ reaction there's lots of variations...
7:56
Gallium: now I have a GaBr3 protective crust on my surface.
Water: well yes but actually no.
Unfortunately this comment didn't live up to the hype
XD
Hydrolyzes the GaBr₃
thanks for actually explaining a thing, unlike the video
This comment is a bit too cultured for average YouTube audience
Wow! Definitely reminiscent of the "beating heart" gallium reaction, maybe similar mechanisms behind it? Idk much about it but I'd love to learn how the gallium moves in response to the bromine's presence.
I think it too
I really want to see a 4-channel oscilloscope, synched to the slow-motion, where one electrode is an ohmic bond between the probe and the gallium metal itself (buried with an inert insulator so no other metals are exposed), one is a neutral counter electrode in the aqueous layer, and the other 2 are bromide and proton sensitive ionic electrodes.
As an electrical engineer that would be my first guess, to check the electrochemical potentials, altough admittedly it is probably more likely to be a surface tension effect together with some sort of non-stoichiometric compound/'alloy' forming with different physical properties from the base Gallium. Maybe it even acts as some sort of bromide/tribromide ionic conductor?
I would love to know for sure though.
Elaborate
It looks like you have a new Chronos hi-speed camera. And it looks like you need to remember to do the black level calibration each time you change the settings. That will get rid of most of the vertical stripes.
This entire video was so stunning to watch, the footage, explanations, and even the music just works so perfectly together. Well done 👌
1) bromine reacts with water to produce hypobromous acid that by reacting with gallium produces hydrogen bubbles on which gallium floats
2) gallium reacts with bromine to form gallium bromide that dissolves in water and so taking gallium away and then gallium, being liquid, moves to the now empty spaces
These are the possibilities that came to mind to me
1. Gallium being non-metal will not react with acid to form hydrogen.
2. Reaction enthalpy for galium bromide formation is pretty high to be achievable without external energy input (heating).
@Sauvik Roy it doest seem heated, except the 30°C to melt it, gallium is a metal, rigth below aluminum
@GABRIEL97 Then you don't have Gallium bromide!
@Sauvik Roy huh?
@Sauvik Roy gallium is a metal
Thanks, Felix. You're doing a great job and keeping us all intrigued.
I certainly appreciate it, Sir.
Continue
Again, great video.
It definitely looks like a "beating heart" experiment, so it must consist of a metal surface mechanism. My guess is as follows:
1. Br₂ reacts with Ga forming at first GaBr₃ on the surface
2. The compound, initially solid, forms a crust, a "protective layer" on the surface of the Ga drop, changing its surface tension
3. GaBr₃ , as almost all trihalides, is quite sensitive to hydrolysis, so it decomposes to some soluble, more water-stable products, like Ga(OH)₃ or Ga(OH)Br₂ and HBr. All these products go away from the surface, hence removing the "GaBr₃ crust"
4. As the Ga momentaneously loses its crust and goes back to liquid Ga on its surface, the surface tension changes again, creating motion on the grop.
5. If there is no "active bromine" left (Br₂ or Br⁻ with low pH), the beating mechanism stops. But if you put more Br₂ and/or generate more HBr in the aqueous solution, the GaBr₃ formation will restart the cycle, therefore sustaining the "beating heart".
Hey! Sounds logical :D
@ChemicalForce yeah, I'm trying to make an analogy with the mercury's "beating heart experiment" made with Hg, K₂Cr₂O₇ and sulfuric acid. But in the Hg case, the "crust destroyer" is not water but an iron clip, as Fe displaces Hg from the sulfate crust created by the oxidation.
In the Ga case, iron is not needed as the GaBr₃ crust its susceptible to react with water itself, in contrast to the insoluble, more stable HgSO₄
This effect of bromine and gallium is facinating.
I imagine when a small amount of water is added, it catalyses the reaction, dissolving the forming bromide, allowing the reaction to progress faster. This is how I think the water encourages the effect,
but why the effect is there in the first place I have no idea.
Thank you for explaining these experiments in clear, understandable ways. Some of the chemical names go over the top of my head, I've never heard of some of them! I love the different colours and vapours or mini explosions in one big one, it's fascinating to watch.
1:00 I was wondering what force is attracting the beads to the larger blub, as it didnt appear to be a current in the water. Had to look this up apparently gallium along with other metals have magnetic moments that appear and disappear rather quickly when solidified. Awesome stuff!
I noticed this too. Look at 12:40. You can see the field lines in the bromine :O
@Rando Jenkins Looking into this I found an interesting thesis from the University of California by Thomas Myer Green Ill on this, Titled "Spins, Moments, and Hyperfine
Structures of some Bromine Isotopes". Enjoy!
I too, am afraid of bromine.
Still doing undergrad chemistry, worked with it once. Lab demonstrator definitely let us know to respect it, we had the fear of God (bromine) put into us.
But I will work with bromine over HF any day, no bone hurting juice for me thanks
Well filmed and fascinating reaction between gallium and bromine vapor. I also thought of the Hg/Fe/MnO4- "beating heart" demo. I think that in this case the clean gallium surface reacts with the bromine vapors to form a thin layer of Ga2Br6, which then dissolves and ionizes to Ga(H2O)6+++ and 3 Cl- , probably with a high enthalpy of solution, to provide the mechanical energy observed.
Holy moly, I've never seen something like this! Amazing photos, quality, sound, montage, and experiments... WOW, even simple things look magickal!!!
The macro+slowmo shots are insane! More, I need more of it!!
In the petri dish you can see the little droplets of gallium sort of chasing the trails of residual bromine, and the big gallium puddle suddenly move towards a bromine rich region as soon as it makes contact. It makes sense that reactants would be electrostatically attracted to each other at the molecular scale, but this is the first time I've seen it happen at a macroscopic level.
At the end of the video it looks like the gallium is going around drinking up all the bromine around it.
Someone wanted to show off their new High-speed camera :D
Wonderful shots, looks amazing.
To your questions: (haven't looked in the comments on purpose)
1. The drops running over Ga are probably water droplets dissolving GaBr3
2. Since the Ga definitely was a little more pasty, I instantly thought of sodium amalgam. So this was probably Na in the Ga that reduced it instantly and therefore the drops did not show the weird behaviour.
The slowmo footage is incredible! Your videos had such great film quality from the start, so it’s amazing to see you somehow improving on that!
Beautifully cinematic.
Choosing to add music was a good decision.
Great music selection
NGL I expected it to shift to something like heavy metal when he introduced the Bromine. XD
Like water, gallium is diamagnetic, shouldn't be affected by electrical fields. Can any residues from introducing water after bromine create a film on the glass? This is interesting.
Your footage demonstrates the opposite to what you say. Gallium was attracted to bromine in water. It was moving to the higher concentration of bromine and if you watch carefully you can see it discoloiring the whole solution by moving towards more reddish parts, consuming the dissolved bromine by converting it onto salt and leaving relatively colourless solution behind. At 8:48 the drop literally jumps into higher concentration of the bromine like the terminator personage, but that's just the most epic moment. All the time it was attracted towards the beomine. Explanation is this: the surface of the drop towards the higher concentration of bromine gets stripped of faster resulting in surface tension decrease so the droplet deforms and moves to maximize the contact area with the bromine ions. Besides, the increase of gabr3 solution concentration may also decrease the surface tension of bromine even more, exacerbating the process, but the last part is not necessarily so.
The dissolution of the GBr3 in water is adding thrust to your gallium ball. I noticed this in the slow mo where you could see the turbulence crawling across the surface. Beautiful demonstration. Did you know it would do this? I've seen the gallium heart before, but not this. I think this is cooler.
Totally amazing! Never seen anything like this! But to me it seemed like it was attracted rather than repelled.
Fascinating. Can't help but think there's an interesting battery chemistry hiding in there.
Samsung: write that down!!!!
Interesting, but with very poor energy density one would expect, since the involved species are so heavy.
It definitely looks like there’s some kind of ionic flow happening when the deluded bromine solution is pulled and pushed in a stream over the gallium drop. If one side has a positive charge and the other negative it would move the water across following the direction of the right hand rule of ionic flow. The trouble is you need constant current flow and the way this is set up it should be a dead short. How long does the gallium remain reactive like this?
People have done an aluminium analogy (similar chemistry since Al is above Ga on the periodic table). They had good energy density, though I would imagine bromine would soon corrode any regular cell casing material!
Many things going on here. 1. Gallium bromide is a solid, so with just gallium and bromine it deposits on top of the gallium, forming a rigid structure. 2. On the other hand, Gallium and just water together do not react very good. 3. Gallium bromide is soluble in water, this means the water removes the solid gallium bromide. 4. The surface adhesion of water to glass is higher than the surface adhesion of gallium and glass. That means that the gallium is gliding on a water film. 5. Now for the main thing, the movement due to the bromine. The reaction of gallium with bromine is of course exothermic and releases energy. If it where more exothermic, the gallium would explode, also "running away" in a way. Here the energy released is just sufficient for slow movements, with the water providing an enviroment of nearly no friction.
Bromine reacts with hydrogen bromide, Gallium Gets cleared of its oxides. Bromine also reacts with Gallium, creating a layer of resulting salt:
3 Br2 + 2 Ga → 2 GaBr3
Which reacts favorably and exothermically with water heating gallium up which increases surface tension and lovers viscosity making shiny beads.
The dissolving/reacting salt attracts water to dissolve itself and because of the Br2 gas stream coming from one side water drops are pulled more from one side and floats towards crust formed all over the Gallium bead until it gets saturated and drops into “bulk solution”. Br2 gas stream contact location and metal bead form defines water “stream” behavior.
Just a speculation.:?
Rough behaviour but overall I don't blame gallium, halogens are scary!
As a physicist, I think there may be some compound dissolved into the gallium that on exposure to bromine reacts to form a gas, as a consequence exerting a pressure on the side where it's contacting the bromine. If that hypotesis is correct, the molecules of gas emitted/molecules of bromine absorbed ratio may be one (if and only if the emitted gases have higher temperature than the incoming bromine) or has to be bigger than one
You get a very similar reaction out of steel when tig welding steel tube if you pull your ark away suddenly in the gap it's called a fish eye in the boilermaker trade and is considered a flaw in your root pass
would be interesting to see if there is a temperature change, it also looks like its gobbling up the bromine.
Seems like the highest concentration of bromine forms the gabr3 fastest and the crust is flowing towards the lowest concentration (or maybe repelled by the bromine), dragging it's surrounding with it and thus moving towards the highest concentration of bromine in the water (or just pulling water across the surface)
So my theory with no chemistry knowledge besides all the things I watch on youtube:
The bromine vapors likely caused a gallium tribromide film on the surface of the gallium, causing bubbles that are creating a gas byproduct and propelling them across the gallium surface. As it gets to the other side and makes contact with the water, the water likely reacts with the tribromide, stripping it from the clean gallium and allowing the clean gallium bubble to be reabsorbed into the main mass of gallium under the surface. Am I right? Did I miss something? Do I finally get that cookie everyone keeps talking about?
Great content! I've a newfound appreciation and curiosity for this element's properties.
why wouldn’t this just be a surface tension interaction? adding the water (whether it dissolves the GaBr3 or not) certainly changes the surface tension properties of the gallium itself. this was clearly shown in the gallium in water portion of the video. the change in surface tension allows the gallium to slide around as it repels, or is attracted to the bromine fumes, and you can’t feasibly ‘dry’ the gallium once you’ve introduced the water. it would be interesting to try exposing the gallium to bromine with a partially submerged droplet already in warm water.
The way the gallium is physically agitated just from some bromine vapor makes me think electromagnetics. Maybe the reactions at the surface generate some field which is propagated along the smooth surface of the drop and induces a current, which is turned in to motion by the thermal circulation of the metal?
Well, 1st of all, electromagnetics and chemistry are not strangers. This is simply physics.
Of course, usually one law tends to dominate any reaction and as such we draw a conclusion as to which branch plays the major role.
Truly, these occurrences and interactions are entirely connected regardless of the seemingly obvious dominant force.
With that said, I can't say that i disagree with you entirely.
It's a good assumption that electromagnetism plays a role here, similar to role that of which is played between electricity and mercury.
Healthy speculation. Thanks for your input!
Check the weight of the gallium drop in a smaller reactor. Use a fixed amount of bromine vapor and water. Azeotropic like spirits climbing a glass
I wonder how potent an electrochemical cell of Ga or NaK and Br would be? I wonder if it would be reversible? Same for NaK and GalInStan. Like one of those cool molten metal batteries that use an ionic fluid as the electrolyte border.
Returning from not watching for some time due to exams, damn, the production quality is amazing! :) Well done!
If you put gallium on one side of a petri dish with warm water and then put a small drop of bromine liquid into the other side I think you'll see the gallium Rush towards that side, because a layer of salt is forming that is lowering the surface tension on that side.
without slow motion a lot would be lost in the reaction , quite spectacular
The slow motion close up was my favorite part. Awesome video!
Impressive, Slow Motion.. Would Love To See This In a Compress Vacuum On A Bromine Vapor Environment With Magnetic Levitation Because NASA Uses Gallium In Some Propellants for Electromagnetic Thrusters.. Would Make For Awesome Slow Motion Capture.
Could there be a positive charge buildup on the drop?
14:06 you can clearly see (around this timestamp) that the already treated gallium races towards the highest bromine concentration (as soon as the concentration reaching it crosses a threshold)
Thank you, MrMegaPussyPlayef
Love the video, keep up the amazing work!
What I see is a dramatic change in surface tension and the gallium is not afraid at all of bromine, on the contrary it seams like he is attracted by bromine. This is a very interesting and fascinating experiment.
Cool. I'm interested in seeing the forces involved in shots like 8:30
Ummm, based of the footage it looks like gallium is attracted to bromine (aka, they are attracted to each other), it looks like the blob of bromine actually moves toward areas of higher concentration of gallium.
Or when the blob of gallium can't move itself, you can see a stream of bromine rushing toward the blob, the flow is also the source of those droplets flowing on top of gallium
Overall it looks like an ion flow, charge moving through water and dragging water molecules along with it
Sebastian D - 2021-06-08
The strange effects with water will likely be linked to hydrolysis of GaBr3. Do you see a temperature change?
Perhaps adding some GaBr3 to water would lead to similar effects close to a surface.
I wonder, what happens in saturated solution of HBr. Then the driving force should be gone (or been replaced by something different).
unlocked - 2021-06-10
i was thinking it could be surface tension changes where the bromide touches the galium the surface tension changes making it move away like soap on waters surface
Zivilyn The Wyrd - 2021-06-16
@unlocked at one point in the video you see a stream of bromine under the water being pulled to the gallium and the gallium pretty much follows it to where it's most concentrated. The same apples withe the water running over the surface. I couldn't describe what's happeening in scientific terms but it's everything to do with surface tension and the bromide dissolving/hydrolysing