Reactions - 2025-01-22
In 1998, a pharmaceutical company suddenly lost the ability to make their lifesaving HIV drug at one of its production facilities. Then that failure spread to the company’s analysis labs. Then it spread to the other production facility, and within months the lifesaving drug had effectively vanished from the entire planet. And this wasn’t the first time something like this had happened. How does a chemical just… disappear? #chemistry #medicine #crystallization #ritonavir Producers: Andrew Sobey Elaine Seward Writer: George Zaidan Hosts: George Zaidan Executive Producer: Matthew Radcliff Scientific Consultants: Stephen R. Byrn, Ph. D Leila Duman, Ph.D. Brianne Raccor, Ph.D. Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell Reactions is a production of the American Chemical Society. © 2024 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved. Sources: Ritonavir https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/ritonavir/4011593.article Ritonavir: An Extraordinary Example of Conformational Polymorphism https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011052932607 Dealing with the Impact of Ritonavir Polymorphs on the Late Stages of Bulk Drug Process Development https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/op000023y Molecular, Solid-State and Surface Structures of the Conformational Polymorphic Forms of Ritonavir in Relation to their Physicochemical Properties | Pharmaceutical Research https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11095-021-03048-2 Ritonavir Form III: A New Polymorph After 24 Years https://jpharmsci.org/article/S0022-3549(22)00428-2/fulltext Supersaturation Tower https://www.flinnsci.com/api/library/Download/c931fa405d384d77a06086654faa8ba2 (IUCr) Why don't we find more polymorphs? https://journals.iucr.org/b/issues/2013/04/00/bm5061/index.html Facts and fictions about polymorphism https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/cs/c5cs00227c Disappearing Polymorphs Revisited https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/anie.201410356 NORVIR Update https://www.natap.org/1998/norvirupdate.html Polymorphism & Seeding: II. Case Studies http://pd.chem.ucl.ac.uk/pdnn/mod3/polycase.htm Ritonavir: The Polymorph That Revolutionized Drug https://solitekpharma.com/ritonavir-how-the-discovery-of-a-new-polymorph-changed-drug-development-forever/ Disappearing Polymorphs https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar00052a005 The Predictably Elusive Form II of Aspirin https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja056455b Crystal Polymorphism in Chemical Process Development https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114224 Open questions in organic crystal polymorphism https://www.nature.com/articles/s42004-020-00388-9 Microgravity https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/315959main_Microgravity_Microscopic_Observation.pdf Tips for Taking RTV https://www.natap.org/1998/k.htm The Best Way to Temper Chocolate https://www.seriouseats.com/the-food-lab-best-way-to-temper-chocolate Compound Interest: The Polymorphs of Chocolate https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/04/19/the-polymorphs-of-chocolate/ How many more polymorphs of ROY remain undiscovered https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/sc/d1sc06074k Ostwald Rule of Stages─Myth or Reality? https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00141 How to Grow Sodium Acetate Crystals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FqlAtWN2vo Supersaturated Sodium Acetate Crystallization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrmQBdYp5tU Crystallization.ram https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoMLXFHylt8 Crystallization by Antisolvent Addition and Cooling https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/39142 Effect of ultrasound on the kinetics of anti-solvent crystallization of sucrose https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417721004284 Ritonavir Form III: A Coincidental Concurrent Discovery https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01017 The History of HIV Treatment: Antiretroviral Therapy and More https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/hiv-treatment-history Recrystallization and Melting Point Analysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIfmoD-G1qo Crystallization of Sodium Acetate from a Supersaturated Solution https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques_and_Experiments/Lecture_Demonstrations/Crystallization_of_Sodium_Acetate_from_a_Supersaturated_Solution_(Demo) Ritonavir: The Polymorph That Revolutionized Drug https://solitekpharma.com/ritonavir-how-the-discovery-of-a-new-polymorph-changed-drug-development-forever/ Combined crystal structure prediction and high-pressure crystallization in rational pharmaceutical polymorph screening https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8793 Inconvenient Truths about Solid Form Landscapes Revealed in the Polymorphs and Hydrates of Gandotinib https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00162
This is why walter insists on having zero contaminants
Pure product is the way to go.
but Chili P is my signature!
Kill the fly next time
@xcritsI tried my best
Not remembering the reference, I used Google AI with this phrase to find out what you meant!
why does walter insist on having zero contaminants?
This is the chemistry equivalent of having your code working, accidentally breaking the project, rolling back to a working version, and then still having the same error message.
Because the error caused by something in cache 😂
And in both cases the reason is that you changed the environment
@matyev-hcuabg then you do debuging for days till you find out nothing actually wrong and code actually work perfectly🤣
And then, avery other person who's code you borrowed, also got same error, their original version that they copied for you.
Can't tell me the CIA weren't involved some way
I remember this happening in the late 90s, i was a freshman in high school. My chemistry and biology teacher were fascinated why this happened to the medication. Both were convinced that some form of contamination was going on and if the American scientists had NOT gone to Europe, the other batches would not have been contaminated. What is weird is that they both agreed it was done on purpose perhaps by a competitor, like another pharmaceutical company. They called it "corporate espionage" that went too far. I have always wondered if they were right. In the 90s they were in their 60s close to retirement. Because they lived thru ww2 they thought there were spies everywhere but now that i am older I realize that pharmacy competition is no joke.
Yup too many people think corporate espionage is just in the movies. Even government gets involved because the lobbyist own them.
At this point, I suspect the 700 Club.
The (now billionaire) families who have gathered from around the globe, for longer than most of today's countries have existed under their current names, who have convinced nations to go to war (so their families could profit), people who have convinced entire societies to hate the Jewish community (multiple times throughout history), or hate women, or hate immigrants, to make it easier for the families to extract land or other resources out of everyone else....
We're learning these families are actively involved in eugenics, in disinformation regarding vaccines, and have a goal of reducing the human population.
So yeah, I suspect that the contamination was intentional.
@Lazy_Fish_KeeperNot one single peoples is guiltless, every peoples on this planet have at least at one time committed atrocities towards another peoples or even themselves. The super elite club you are thinking of has no hate against any single people other than who’s not currently in their crowd of people. They are scratching each others backs just so they can all keep the power and the rest is just show so you can be distracted away from the real culprits of worldwide destruction. They would kill their own “kind” if it meant keeping power regardless if the peoples matched their physical and spiritual traits.
@Lazy_Fish_Keeper Ummm, right now the Israelis and Zionist Jews are making the world hate the Jews. 700 Club doesn't have to do anything right now. The non-Zionist Jews are having a rough go because they have to constantly tell people that they oppose Israel's genocide.
That's why business should be kept out of healthcare
Imagine you need a drug to live and suddenly no one can make it anymore because all known batches of it turned into goop overnight, and now the reaction to make it just makes goop.
Already 139 years ago Dr Jekyll had a similar problem. Same chemical but failure to work.
the devs patched our exploit
Or the government puts a probation on it even though you can grow it yourself yeah it sucks
@Altair4611 damn my cheat code that heal people to full health was patched.
@KallePihlajasaari A missing impurity was his final thought, but it easily could've been the polymorphic switch, yes.
Chemistry was well studied but has advanced by massive leaps since.
I am a HIV patient. I was infected after being raped in 2018. With treatment, I live a basically normal life and will live a long, normal lifespan. All I have to do is take one pill a day, for ever, and in return, safety. Health. Protection for myself and my partner. I will never pass on the virus, even if I bled directly into another person’s open wound. I could even have kids, if I wanted.
I cannot imagine the terror of something like this happening today, seeing that assurance of health and safety disappear.
I'm not into conspiracy theories, but I do feel like with the years of studying the virus, a cure should have been made by now. Makes you think Pharmaceutical companies would prefer there being no cure, same with cancer.
@NikkiNole I agree with you PLUS we literally now have Artificial Intelligence and I think it's devastating that AI dominates the majority of artistic and humanity and art works rather on focusing majority of the resources to HIV, Cancer, ALS, Lupus, Diabetes etc 😢
@NikkiNole This makes a ton of sense for US corps. I’m not sure about anywhere else (I probably should be, but that’s the US for you). Cancer and HIV both technically have treatments, as do many other diseases, infections, and disorders. However instead of one month-long course, it’s something you have to stay on for your entire life. That way they can keep sneaking money out of your pockets using the typical gang leader ”well you want to be healthy, don’t you?”
As for the original commenter, if they happen to be reading this, what happened to you is absolutely fucking horrid. I don’t have HIV or AIDS, but as a fellow survivor, I wish you the best.
@NikkiNole
One: Cancer is extremely complex. There’s no single cure for all types of cancer because cancer isn’t just one disease — it’s your own cells mutating and growing uncontrollably. Anything powerful enough to destroy all cancers would also risk destroying healthy cells. That said, there are treatments and even cures for certain types of cancer. Progress is being made all the time, but it depends heavily on the type of cancer and the patient.
Two: HIV is especially difficult to cure because it hides in the body by integrating into cells and going dormant. That makes it very hard to find and eliminate all infected cells. There have been rare cases of complete cures, but they involved unique circumstances — like stem cell transplants — which are not widely applicable.
Now, regarding pharmaceutical companies: Yes, some companies prioritize profit over public good. But others are genuinely working toward cures. If a company could develop a true, one-time HIV cure, they’d make billions — millions of people would want it. Capitalism means companies are motivated by profit, and a breakthrough cure can be very profitable.
**In short**: While greed and corporate interests exist, the main reason cancer and HIV aren’t universally cured yet is because they’re biologically very difficult to treat — not just because of evil companies.
@Consoneerthe Ai we have is too shit to use for that tbh
Beyond fascinating. Those scientists probably lost their minds trying to figure it out. This is one of the best spooky stories I've ever hear.
I'm sure they knew what the problem was, but overestimated their decontamination procedures and didn't think it was a big deal until everything had been contaminated.
As a scientist, this scared me so much. I had never heard of something like this before in real life. It's like Ice IX or gray goo but only for a certain drug.
So what your saying is that this thing started reacting in a way we didn't expect, on it's own, without any outside intervention?
I'm no chemist but that does sound very worrying.
Corporation discovered a better way to make money off the problem and sabotaged production. Scientists were paid off or simply not told.
@wrongthinker843 plz stop.
Finally i found it. i saw the new veritasim video and was so confused because i knew i had watched this already.
Same! Did they at least mention this video? I haven't finished the verutasium video yet.
They did!
same! i thought it was just a really strong case of deja vu, but im glad to be vindicated finding this video and this comment 👏
@brave921 Geez... I thought my mind was playing tricks on me.
It looked like blatant plagiarism to me, at least they mentioned this video
I am a pharmacist and worked in the HIV clinic. I remember being told that RTV was no longer available as a capsule and only the liquid was available. Patients hated it. We weren't told why, just that production issues were the cause. Now, many decades later, I learn why. Thanks for the information.
Science not faith, Oh believe me it's a bit of both there is no getting around that one.🙏🏻😉🕊️🙏🏻
Remember the FDA recall of OTC l tryptophan? Manufacturer issue that was caught too late, for those who developed eosinopholia.
@crimestoppers1877 But it WAS caught. With Trump, even if caught early, it won't be published or acted upon.
@secretwatcher9922 considering the majority of scientists are intelligent and thus atheist, pretty sure it's all science👍
@BobbyRedland equating a lack of theological conviction to intelligence is such a fedora tipping atheist move
Had this happen in a lab I worked. For months, a catalyst was a viscous liquid when purified. One day, it decided to ba a solid, and every prep thereafter was a crystalline solid.
Did you figure out what was the reason of such reaction?
New patch ruined old crafting recipe
Did you ever figure out how that happened?
What in the Schrödinger's is going on
My question is how did you get it to become a viscous liquid to begin with? What changed?
So this video made me realize over and over again that real chemistry is crazier than any sci-fi stuff you see in Hollywood.
you will be amazed that in the most technical terms, our Phone are basically a magic runes that were even more complex than what Harry Potter entire magician knowledge can describes as magic, i think the problem of why we cant spit fire, shout magic words and it appeared or rapidly healing ourselves like how RPG game do was all because we still dont know what matter that probes even an atom that triggers such reactions, and yes what i mean by reactions here was how to turn air into burnable gas without actually burning it with another fire and just burn in itself and not specialized air but our normal air
I've never heard this said before, what a statement!
@brn98011
As the saying goes…
“Truth is stranger than fiction”
Chemists and geneticists are akin to the fallen ones
I make a point never to compare the two. But rather the saying, that "Truth is Stranger Than Fiction".
Who is here after Veritasium video on this?
👋
I’ve been here before, but i come back after the Veritasium vid
Same, i saw this first
Lol I was always here. Love to see this topic get picked up by veritasium, still one of my favorite stories!
I kind of blocked veritasium months ago (asked You Tube not to show me) so I'm not...
Thanks for that! I was an AIDS specialist when that happened. No one ever explained it. We had to switch everyone to the liquid. The liquid tasted worse than anything you have ever put in your mouth in your whole life and it was oily so it lasted forever! I tried it, it gagged me! I felt so sorry for my patients. The drug reps gave us boxes of Sour Bombs ( Candy) to hand to patients. It helped a little. There were so few options at the time, the choice was take it or let the virus take over. Not much of a choice. Those guys were so tough in those days.
turkey baster it into your throat that's how I take my medicine it's disgusting and I can't handle the flavor so I drip it into my throat past my tongue not the same drug but if flavor is the problem that's how I deal with it
Thank you for sharing your story, and thank you for helping AIDS patients. I grew up in the 90s/00s and my heart broke when I would watch the news or documentaries about AIDS patients. I saw how they were mistreated by both some medical field and society. And I remember children on Sesame Street talking about how they were infected by it and mistreated. My heart broke even more. I thank God for folks like you.
God If I had AIDS at the time I would ask for a bunch of Nasogastric Tubes that I could run the drug through and dodge the mouth entirely.
Couldn't they have just had the patients put the liquid into gel caps right before swallowing? I suppose getting your hands on empty capsules weren't easy in the 90s.
@Natzndahouzeoh sesame street? Damn
I work as a chemist for a large pharmaceutical company and we had a very similar case just a couple of years ago. Once we had the wrong polymer we had to switch buildings, technicians and everything... No glassware, no nothing was allowed to go in the other labs. I still think it is strange with all the hygiene and safety that there were particles somewhere in the air out wherever that caused every crystallization to produce the wrong form afterwards
Wow
Did the switch of place and hardware fix it?
The Andromeda Strain.
Rupert
I guess that's when people start believing in imprinted information, informed water and similar concepts.
I'm a Ph.D. synthetic chemist and I remember when this happened to ritonavir (I was a graduate student at the time). I later worked for a CRO (contract research organization) who had people entirely dedicated to polymorphs - deliberately trying to induce different polymorphs of drug candidates - to attempt to front-load this sort of problem.
I'm not sure I like the comparison of charcoal to diamond, as allotropes are covalent bonds. When I saw that I immediately began to think of chocolate as an example most people are familiar with - and then you went there.
peterectasy2957 Nothing in the universe is completely insoluble, but for literally all practical purposes they might as well be
He did it right at the end comparing graphite and diamond.
From a semiconductor background I often had to make up comparisons to explain issues to non technical employees. On the spot I might have used a similar analogy even though there are better ones. I think it was a good way to explain it to everyone. Lots of non engineers would not know the structure of charcoal vs graphite. Just last month I had to tell a new technician that graphite lubricant was a dry powder. I first used it when I was 5-6, so that shocked me.
@Mr.MashenIt That example's a simile
as a college dropout, I completely agree
as a college dropout, I completely agree
this video was SO much better, and veritasium made literal factual errors in their 30-extra-minute of padding, that this guy didn't
Mistakes are expected for a 30 minute video
@beonewithgrain Then why make a 30 minute video on something that only takes 10 minutes to explain?
@GREG_WHEREISTHEMAYOit's more entertaining and profitable
Hi there! I'm a synthesis chemist technician working in the exact same plan in Italy where the production of ritonavir took place. Well, at least while it lasted 😂 last year we attended a seminar/course on polymorphism by our lead solid state expert, explaining and telling us this whole story, from start to finish, and all the troubles and infinite headaches that this situation brought upon our company 😅 really interesting indeed how such a small change in crystallization can bring so widely different results.
If you have any questions or curiosities i can answer feel free to ask!
(Company name was Zach - Zambon Chemicals, but now the same production plan here in Italy is owned by FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici) 😁
Just commenting to bump your comment up so more people see it 🧑🔬💊💗
what steps did the company make sure in the new lab that seed wouldn't get into?😅
@stefanradojkovic3585 Do you still manufacture other substances in your lab?
@ElizabethVass oooh yes I would love to know this too!!
❤❤❤
This must have taken such a psychological hit on the people involved.
Image you produce something vital for the survival of hundreds of people and from one day to another it is simply gone.
Except the one in charge to blatantly sabotage the italian lab as this is very obviously a purposeful act
@HokutoShinkento This is something easy to say, in hindsight.
Was this a risky and dumb idea?
Yes, without a doubt.
Was there a sound reason for the visit?
We don't know, but it's very likely.
But to simply state that this was an intentional malicious act is paranoid and frankly disgusting.
The growing defaultism to "misstrust, hostility and maliciousness" in society is a dangerous downwards spiral and only accelerating.
People on the street are not evil, they are just people like you and me.
Are you plotting to ruin the life of thousands of people?
I don't, and I don't think you either.
@HokutoShinkento I dont think they were actively sabotaging the lab. They just went there to see if what their process was. They had no idea that was going ti happen.
There is a liquid version so it wasn’t gone.
hundreds? you mean millions.
Wow this is so fascinating. As a biologist it reminds me of prions. Just the presence of that misfolded structure infecting all other molecules and then causing them to switch to confirmation 2 as well, makign them so infectioud that just powder of it on peoples clothes could infect another facility and ruind their entire batch.
I was thinking the same thing. It would be interesting to compare both to get to know more about how they work
I do think self assembly is involved in it. Minimizing Gibbs free energy is mostly what is involved (95% of the time in the context of co-crystals on the CSD). But as there are those 5% missing, I think there is some new science there. I would like to maybe explain that paper in the future. But sincerely I can't procrastinate my actual research project that much...
The CSD is a, mostly organic, crystal structure database that is used by the small molecule crystallography research community BTW.
Yeah
Have to wonder if this has been weaponized.
Sure, it would take generations to delete a population
But if you have the time...
Let's make this video more viewed than Veritasium's!
So the plot to Ice-IX came true in a specific instance. Terrifying.
That's what came to my mind.
Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle it a very good example of the sort of Science Fiction Horror you get out of an Engineer/Technical Writer.
@ Less center stage would also be the Strange matter cascade from Ender's Game.
@kevinireland8020 It reminded me of the vacuum metastability hypothesis. There's a chance this could happen to the entire universe. It is untested, for obvious reasons.
Exactly what I was gonna say. Was looking for the comment. Cat's Cradle IRL.
When you walk into the wrong classroom but are too embarrassed to leave so you sit through the whole lecture anyways 😅
My brother once went to the wrong funeral by accident😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
Hey, learning is learning and this was a cool story. What I found most interesting outside the scope of the story is how the energy need for the different polymorphs looked almost exactly like a gravity well.
Ironically, this case helped science in the long run. Apparently, the "new" ritonavir, created after the 1998 crisis, would help in some ways against Covid-19.
@friendlypiranha774this comment made walking in the wrong door worth it😅
Thermodynamics as a freshman
Excellent presentation. I'm a Ph.D. analytical chemist with 30+ years of experience. I knew about polymorphs and their importance in the pharmaceutical industry, but was unaware of the ritonavir connection. Thank you for another excellent show.
I just love to hear professionals approved content. I am in a whole other field but had to look into chemistry in a project. I just love when concepts are explained clearly with examples. I first registered what devastating effects the chirality of a molecule can have after reading about the background of Thalidomid than could transform itself into its dangerous form after production.
You claim to know the importance of polymorphs in pharmaceutical synthesis yet profess ignorance of what is likely the most well known story about polymorphs in the history of pharmaceuticals. Chemist, analyze thyself.
the connection to paxlo and vid is not interesting?
@SixOhFiveYou guys are insane. You don't have to know one niche case in a completely different industry in order to be good at your own industry. But whatever makes you guys feel better about yourselves in your moms' basements.
@kirstinmorrell The way he said it was a bit arrogant, but I agree it's a good point. I tend not to watch videos where basic concepts that I've known for 10+ years are explained to me like I'm 5. Same concepts over and over again, every time. It's then weird for me to imagine someone with a PHD in chemistry sit through a video where probably 3/4th of it is rudimentary explanations they're likely painfully familiar with.
That was a reference to the movie "Office Space"
Yes, and I wonder why this was in the video at all. It wasn't funny, it wasn't pertinent and it was wrong. Is it just rage bait to get people to comment about it? Which was unnecessary because there are lots of things to comment about that are relevant to the topic of the video.
I woulda got it right, but there was no ghetto boyz in the background.
@broncogrizz Why not introduce levity into an otherwise widely perceived as "dry" subject? I appreciate any attempt.
@lowerbuncombecoachworks3384yeah and here’s the feedback it didn’t work
Form 1 vs Form 2. If intentional, amazing. if not, well, yay
I had heard a similar story/urban legend about glycerin in the game "999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors" and I thought it had to be completely made up. Apparently that specific case was somewhat overblown over the years, but it's WILD to me that the whole "crystal virus" incident is something that actually happens in real life. Incredibly fascinating stuff.
Right?! It blew my mind too!
Was literally thinking the same thing.
I remember a long section on Glycerin and crystalline forms of ice in that game.
Apparently it happened with glycerin in a manga called Baki, also. Glycerin can be crystallized under specific conditions to purify it
Part of what made 999 so enjoyable was how they mixed juuuust enough reality into their scifi BS that if you looked something up and saw actual legitimate science papers on something like it at a glance you will instantly buy in to everything and it feels INTENSE. It's basically the second best form of sci fi after hard sci fi, making it so believable that it doesn't matter how true it is because you can EASILY suspend disbelief enough to get totally sucked in.
ZERO ESCAPE MENTIONED
“Ice Nine" a fictional substance from Kurt Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle” scared the _ _ _ _ out of me when I thought about solid seas.
I came here to say it was Kurt Vonnegut's ice nine! I'm only at 2 minutes so I don't know if he ever says it.
Me too! I immediately thought of Ice Nine!
According to the Wikipedia entry on Cat's Cradle, H. G. Wells visited GE labs in the 30s, where the Nobel Prize-winning chemist Irving Langmuir suggested to Wells the idea of a form of water stable at room temperature as a story idea. Vonnegut said he stole the idea after Wells didn't use it. This illustrates how great writers aren't really brilliant geniuses who get their ideas from God or out of their imagination; they actually steal their ideas from people who are smarter than they are and get credit. Tom Lehrer discusses this.
@norman_5623 what a wrong and ridiculous conclusion to make from that. Obviously in a different situation, another author could have been the one thinking of it
@norman_5623not sure if Wells was necessarily smarter than Vonnegut, they just had a different set of interests and knowledge. maybe Vonnegut was smarter for knowing that the idea would make a great science fiction story... lol
Can't believe you did not draw the parallel to prions.
As a completely non chemistry person, I had the same thought, solely because of that mobile game plague inc.
That was the first thing I thought!
Chemically is there actually even a difference? Chemically proteins are just really big molecules...
Nightmare proteins.
The effect of prions in a general sense might be close, as you and I understand it; but what about all the folding of proteins, done incessantly in eukaryotic cells' endoplasmic reticulum? And 'denaturing proteins', like when you cook an 🥚 egg?
That would be another video I would watch, explaining the similarities and differences of these 4 + whatever else similar phenomena ...
Is no one going to talk about the insanely well-choreographed cuts? Even getting the audio quality and pronunciation to the point where mid-sentence cuts are viable takes a whole lot of effort
I had no intention of watching this video, I am not a chemist, but your presentation was so captivating, I watched it. Fascinating!
Thank you!
Knowing a bit of everything is always good - we just have to make sure we do not suddenly believe that we know everything because of it.
@Nick1979BN True! And no worries, I hardly think I know much about many subfields in mechanical engineering and I have a PhD in it. Let alone of the topics I have only superficially studied, like other fields of science etc. I think I know enough thats it's fun to listen to the real experts and it helps me contextualize - thats about it.
Same. I'm not even involved in this field at all and just someone random.
Baffling and fascinating indeed! What an amazing story! Thanks for explaining in an accessible way!
9:32 wait, paxlovid has the BETTER tasting version 🤯. Paxlovid is hands down the worst tasting medicine I’ve ever had.
An aids drug for coronavirus. ?
@thedevilsadvocate5210 An antiviral drug effective against multiple viruses. Just like Augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanate) is effective against skin infections of both strep and staph bacteria. It's not some conspiracy.
So just imagine how terrible tasting the previous one was.
What does it taste like? Is it chemically or sulfurous or what? Can you describe it in any way?
@thedevilsadvocate5210yes
I’m going to study chemistry at uni but am currently on a gap year and doubting why I even picked chemistry in the first place. Thank you for reminding me how great chemistry
rip
what we wish for: atago grade a calibration sucrose 20% (±1%)
what we get: bekes plaszt kft leftover sucrose (expired in 2012)
chemistry doesn’t go out of date.
Yoooo I'm split between going to pharmaceutical science and chemistry with a focus on pharmaceuticals do you have any advice?
I have bachelor degree in chemistry, i think right now its better to take food technology not food science or Biochemistry or biotechnology and perhaps pharmacy instead of chemistry, the job market is hard now for chemist
Here after watching veritasium video. This is much better and contains more info than that 30 minutes prolonged veritasium video (more room for more adsense) with fancy unncessary animation and those video call recording with "experts" to make it more "legit" (seen this almost in all their videos with no much value added, they just cut the expert's sentences most of the time) 😢
I know right? Their worst moment was the escalator expert who said "yep" in response to one question.
Private equity ruins all good things.
6:56 in Germany he is so popular, we named streets after him.
I really didn't know about polymorphs but this video made things CRYSTAL clear...
🗣BOOOOOOO
Your mind is now type 2 and this will not change.
😂
Golf clap
👏
I can't believe ice-9 was real
Funyarinpa
The drug became… All Ice…
STOP i literally saw a comment talking about morphine resonance and I was like this cant be real
@JuliaJulia-vh4xc Glad I'm not the only one who immediately thought of 999 when I saw this.
I was wondering if anyone else thought of ice-9 watching this.
Veritasium really fucking ripped off this video didn't they
Can’t make 2 videos on the same topic nope
typical move from a scummy private equity company 😂 ill never watch their videos just boring filler and ads
Exactly man
@JungleIsMassiv Veritasium copied not only the topic, but the jokes of the video (even the chocolate bit)
4:41 glad to know chemists also use time-honored computer science methods
I think all trades at some point have been driven to this solution to a problem at some point or another.
1:40 Sounds like a inside job 😂😂😂
That was my first thought, the drug worked so well that they had to pull the plug on it.
@alezb9261 Money.
@alezb9261$$$
@alezb9261treating is more profitable long-term than curing, just like starting subscription services instead of selling DVDs/Blu-Rays
@alezb9261 cause money bruh. No money from cured patients
Im a kidney specialist, and ritonavir crystals causing kidney problems ( crytsal nephropathy/ tubulopathy) is a well known side effect and cause of kidney problems on people who were on it. This was becuse the drug is excfrted by the kidney and the urine firming process cause the same crystal formation within the kidney.
ouch
At the same time HIV replication in the kidney also damages it, so damned if you don’t… 😢
@a2e5pretty sure HIV in itself does not damage your kidneys, but rather the immunosuppression from HIV that would allow pathogens to damage the kidneys.
This video is a year older and only a fraction the length of Veritasium's new video, yet it answered more questions for me. Excellent job, thanks
Kinda like when I don’t clean out the plaster/drywall completely from the mixing pan. Leftover gypsum crystals like can ruin your mix because it sets too fast. Catalyze the “set”.
I put my drywall into a portable electric wine cooler and scoop it out of there. Lasts for hours at a time!
Oh wow! Had no idea!
If only they asked the drywallers for theories.
Huh. Well that explains a lot about the renovation I did with my dad back before the internet was a thing. Had to add so much more water to the later batches, and they didn't quite work as well. It was very confusing!
I like this video much better than the Veritasium one.
3:30 that's how you make sweet tea! Hot tea, repeatedly add sugar and stir to dissolve until it won't dissolve anymore, then make it cold. If you leave it for a while, you'll see sugar crystals form
That's how you get diabetes too...
Who came here after watching the Veriatasium Video?
👋
Yep.
2:45 the "ooh" was him realizing it was his teeth snapping, not the chocolate
Nah that's a shattered jaw bone
@6489Tankman turned to dust
@sammy-minwhat if his whole skeleton turned to the dust polymorphism once seeded with that rock hard chocolate. And then once his empty skin slumped to ground a poof of his bone dust seeded everyone else's bones to dust until every thing was just swirling bone dust. What if that happened 😮
Throughout the video, I could not stop whispering "ice nine!" The minute you said their other lab developed the same problem after they visited, it was immediately clear to me they carried in a microscopic contaminant. It's amazing how small a crystal can grow more of itself. (we used to do this in high school chemistry class)
Has there ever been any verified tangible evidence of this purported microscopic crystal? There are presumptions in the argument. "Well it had to come from somewhere!". Did it?
@patrickmcshea5398 All it would take is something the size of a spec of dust. While it's possible it was spontaneous just like the other facility, the fact they'd visited from the other factory strongly suggests contamination. (esp. since this sort of thing has happened before)
Ha ha kurt vonnegut Jr. I forgot about cats cradle!
@ All you provided was a claim that something happened before. That's not evidence.
@patrickmcshea5398 That's all ANYONE can provide. Can you find a specific spec of dust in your house? How about in a 100,000sq.ft facility? That's all it would take. Once it's there [and detectable], all your equipment is contaminated. Made even worse by the it not being water soluble.
While it's certainly possible for the events that caused type II to form at the first lab to also happen at the second, the fact that it happened after people from the first lab visited cannot be ignored, esp. when this very same type of thing has happened in other labs.
That's better explanation than Ve.. whatever that channel is.
Because VE is owned by a private equity conglomerate
Methinks Veritasium copied the plot of your video. Chocolate included. Funny how YT recommended me this immediately after watching their video.
In the Veritasium, they speak about this specific video. This is how I heard about this channel.
They gave a shout out. That's why It's getting recommended.
@florentboyer2736 Yeah, that's irrelevant though. A shoutout might make it less scummy, emotionally, but like, you ask for permission before adapting someone's work.
yeah the chocolate part really made it scummy. they could have at least came up with their own examples instead of copying everything
The hbomberguy video continues to be relevant it seems...
2:30 Amethyst, Quartz, Agate and Citrite are all polymorphs of the same chemical compound. Ice can appear is several different polymorphs. All are crystals. Crystals are distinct from rocks and glass. Glass is also a type of rock called igneous. Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock comprised of three different compounds. There are many different sedimentary rocks (most common in the Earth’s surface) also made of quartz.
Those aren't different polymorphs, Amethyst is a contaminant that colors normal quartz (as are smokey and rosey quartz), and Agate is a layered mix of quartz with impurities.
@sonic4spuds Thanks for the free geology tutoring! 😊❤
You sound really educated you also made my head spin
I hope that Veritasium paid this guy, because they basically copied his flow bar for bar. Where’s hbomb when you need him.
@claudiuspulcher2440 - 2025-01-24
"hired a new student by phone, prohibited her from visiting the old lab or meeting anyone from the old lab, had her go buy all new glassware..." today this would be the start of a "fake job bad check" scam
@altimmons - 2025-01-26
For real. Back then things were more real
@QuiveringQuiff - 2025-02-09
Also sounds like the beginning of a new horror game
@SnippySnippyMF - 2025-02-10
So many red flags
@vili8893 - 2025-02-10
And that is how meth labs are started😂
@beren171 - 2025-02-10
Omg yes 😂 @QuiveringQuiff